It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocangaca, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha.ĭzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet. Classification and related languages ĭzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC.
/ɑ/ may approach, especially in closed syllables./ɛː/ is slightly lower than open-mid, i.e./o/ is close-mid, but may approach open-mid especially in closed syllables.Descriptions of /øː/ vary between close-mid and open-mid.eː/ may not be longer than /e/ at all, and differs from /e/ more often in quality than in length. /e/ varies between close-mid and open-mid, the latter being common in closed syllables.In closed syllables, /i/ varies between and, the latter being more common.When in low tone, vowels are produced with breathy voice.No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. Syllable-final /ŋ/ is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill or a fricative trill, and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h), /ɬ/, and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced. Consonants Consonant phonemesĪll consonants may begin a syllable. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. Phonology Tones ĭzongkha is a tonal language and has two level tones (high and low ), and two contour tone distinctions, totaling four tones. The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha, devised by the linguist George van Driem, as its standard in 1991.
There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script, forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters, sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants. The word "Dzongkha" in Jôyi, a Bhutanese form of the Uchen script
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